Let’s say you want to redeploy some of your on-premises servers for a Kubernetes cluster or LXD cluster. In our MAAS portal we can select the appropriate ‘Ready’ systems we want to deploy. In this demonstration we have a range of different hardware selected here, an HP blade 460c, a dell blade M630, a Cisco C220, and 2 Quanta boxes.

Select desired OS and Release
check ‘Cloud-init user-data
Paste in the Azure Arc Connected script. You need to include the bash header ‘#!/bin/bash’.
Start deployment

Linux Bash script for reference. This was generated by the Azure Portal using an onboarding agent. You can find more details about this here Azure Arc & Automanage for MAAS — Crying Cloud

#!/bin/bash

# Add the service principal application ID and secret here
servicePrincipalClientId="xxxxxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-xxxxxxx"
servicePrincipalSecret="xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"

export subscriptionId=xxxxxx-xxxxx-xxx-xxx-xxxxxx
export resourceGroup=ArcResources
export tenantId=xxxxx-xxxx-xxx-xxxx-xxxxxx
export location=eastus
export authType=principal
export correlationId=d208f5b6-cae7-4dfe-8dcd-xxxxxx
export cloud=AzureCloud

# Download the installation package
output=$(wget https://aka.ms/azcmagent -O ~/install_linux_azcmagent.sh 2>&1)
if [ $? != 0 ]; then wget -qO- --method=PUT --body-data="{\"subscriptionId\":\"$subscriptionId\",\"resourceGroup\":\"$resourceGroup\",\"tenantId\":\"$tenantId\",\"location\":\"$location\",\"correlationId\":\"$correlationId\",\"authType\":\"$authType\",\"messageType\":\"DownloadScriptFailed\",\"message\":\"$output\"}" https://gbl.his.arc.azure.com/log &> /dev/null; fi
echo "$output"

# Install the hybrid agent
bash ~/install_linux_azcmagent.sh

# Run connect command
sudo azcmagent connect --service-principal-id "$servicePrincipalClientId" --service-principal-secret "$servicePrincipalSecret" --resource-group "$resourceGroup" --tenant-id "$tenantId" --location "$location" --subscription-id "$subscriptionId" --cloud "$cloud" --correlation-id "$correlationId"

You may also find it useful to Tag the servers with a project name and possibly lock them.

Added a tag ‘ArcConnected’ and you can see all the other automatic tags added by MAAS

And we can see the servers locked in MAAS

Importantly you can see the servers added to Azure Portal as Arc Servers

Drilling into one of the servers we can see the name assigned by MAAS, the OS we chose to deploy, the hardware model, agent version, etc.

Depending on your needs you can do a range connect it to Azure ‘Automanage’ or to ‘Update management center’ for instance. Lets go ahead and configure patches through Update Management Center (currently in preview)

As the assessments finish, we can see the updates for the on-premise servers through the Azure portal for each of the servers

Update settings to Enable Periodic Assessment every 24 hours is optional

Next, we can ‘Schedule updates’ and create a repeating schedule

ensure that we select our on-premise servers, and define what type of patches. In this case we only want to push Critical Updates and Security patches. If you select other Linux patches Azure will patches things like snaps and you may want to do those type of patches in a more controlled manor.

You can browse the ‘Maintenance Configuration’ and make any necessary changes

We can validate update history using the portal also.

We have deployed Ubuntu servers using MAAS, connected them to Azure using Azure Arc during installation with scripted onboarding, viewed missing updates, scheduled daily assessments, and created a repeating schedule to ensure critical updates and security patches are pushed to these systems.

This method could be used to manage systems in any other cloud system, bringing the management of Linux patching into the Azure control plane

This is a small window into what can be done using Azure Arc to help with operational activities in a Hybrid cloud environment

Additional content

This was the process I used for installing MAAS in an HA configuration. Your installation journey may vary, based on configuration choices. This was written to share my experience beyond using MAAS in the single instance Test/POC configuration

Components & Versions

Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS (Focal Fossa)
Postgres SQL 14.5 (streaming replication)
MAAS 3.2.2 (via snaps)
HA Proxy 2.6.2
Glass 1.0.0

Server Configuration (for reference in configuration settings)

2x Region/API controllers, 2x Rack controllers, 2x General Servers

SV5-SU1-BC2-01 [Primary DB / Region Controller / HA Proxy]
SV5-SU1-BC2-02 [Secondary DB / Region Controller / HA Proxy]
SV5-SU1-BC2-03 [Rack Controller / Glass]
SV5-SU1-BC2-04 [Rack Controller]
SV5-SU1-BC2-05 [General Server]
SV5-SU1-BC2-06 [General Server]

Prerequisites

Servers deployed with Static IPs
Internet Access
limited Linux/Ubuntu experience helpful
VIM editor knowledge (or other Linux text editor)

Primary Postgres SQL Install

First we need to install Postgres SQL. I am using streaming replication to ensure there is a copy of the database. you may select a different method for protecting your database.

# INSTALL PRIMARY POSTGRES SQL
# Run on SV5-SU1-BC2-01 (Primary DB) 
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt -y install gnupg2 wget vim bat
sudo apt-cache search postgresql | grep postgresql
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list'
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt -y update
sudo apt -y install postgresql-14
systemctl status postgresql
sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
sudo -u postgres psql -c "SHOW data_directory;"

# CREATE USERS AND DATABASE FOR MAAS
# Run on SV5-SU1-BC2-01 (Primary DB) only 

export MAASDB=maasdb
export MAASDBUSER=maas
# WARNING you have to escape special characters for the password
export MAASDBUSERPASSWORD=secret

sudo -u postgres psql -c "CREATE USER \"$MAASDBUSER\" WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '$MAASDBUSERPASSWORD'"
sudo -u postgres createdb -O $MAASDBUSER $MAASDB

# Check user and database via query
sudo -u postgres psql
# List databases
\l
# list users
\du
# drop DB
#DROP DATABASE <DBNAME>;
# quit 
\q

# POSTGRESSQL LISTEN ADDRESS
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/14/main/postgresql.conf
# search for listen_addresses ='localhost' uncomment and edit  listen_addresses ='*' save and quit

# ALLOW DATA ACCESS
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/14/main/pg_hba.conf
#add lines 
# host    maasdb          maasdbuser      172.30.0.0/16           md5
# host    replication     maasdbrep       172.30.0.0/16           md5

# CHECK LOG FOR ERROR
tail -f /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-14-main.log

# Additional Commands 
# PostgresSQL restart Command
# sudo systemctl restart postgresql
# Uninstall PostgresSQL
# sudo apt-get --purge remove postgresql postgresql-*

Configure Postgres SQL Streaming Replication

# INSTALL SECONDARY POSTGRES SQL
# RUN on SV5-SU1-BC2-02 (Secondary DB)
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt -y install gnupg2 wget vim bat
sudo apt-cache search postgresql | grep postgresql
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list'
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt -y update
sudo apt -y install postgresql-14
systemctl status postgresql
sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
sudo -u postgres psql -c "SHOW data_directory;"

# RUN on SV5-SU1-BC2-01 (Primary DB)
# CREATE REPLICATION USER
export MAASREPUSER=maasdbrep
export MAASREPASSWORD=secret
sudo -u postgres psql -c "CREATE USER \"$MAASREPUSER\" WITH REPLICATION ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '$MAASREPASSWORD'"

# CREATE REPLICATION SLOT
# RUN on SV5-SU1-BC2-01 (Primary DB)
sudo -u postgres psql
select * from pg_create_physical_replication_slot('maasdb_repl_slot');
select slot_name, slot_type, active, wal_status from pg_replication_slots;

# CONFIGURE REPLICATION
# RUN on SV5-SU1-BC2-02 (Secondary DB)
sudo systemctl stop postgresql
sudo -u postgres rm -rf /var/lib/postgresql/14/main/*
sudo -u postgres pg_basebackup -D /var/lib/postgresql/14/main/ -h 172.30.9.66 -X stream -c fast -U maasdbrep -W -R -P -v -S maasdb_repl_slot
# enter password for maasdbrep user
sudo systemctl start postgresql

# CHECK LOG FOR ERROR
tail -f /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-14-main.log

# CHECK REPLICATION
# RUN on SV5-SU1-BC2-01 (Primary DB)
sudo -u postgres psql -c "select * from pg_stat_replication;"

MAAS Installation Region Controllers

# All Hosts
sudo snap install --channel=3.2 maas

# INITIATE FIRST CONTROLLER 
# Run on SV5-SU1-BC2-01
sudo maas init region --database-uri "postgres://maas:secret@SV5-SU1-BC2-01/maasdb" |& tee mass_initdb_output.txt
## use default MAAS URL, Capture MAAS_URL 

# INITIATE SECOND CONTROLLER
# Run on SV5-SU1-BC2-02
sudo maas init region --database-uri "postgres://maas:secret@sv5-su1-bc2-01/maasdb" |& tee mass_initdb_output.txt

# Capture MAAS_SECRET for additional roles
sudo cat /var/snap/maas/common/maas/secret

# CREATE ADMIN
# follow prompts, can import SSH keys via lanuchpad user
sudo maas createadmin

Install Rack Controllers

# INSTALL RACK CONTROLLERS
# run on SV5-SU1-BC2-03 & SV5-SU1-BC2-04 
sudo maas init rack --maas-url $MAAS_URL --secret $MAAS_SECRET

# CHECK MAAS SERVICES
sudo maas status

# CONFIGURE SECONDARY API IP ADDRESS
sudo vi /var/snap/maas/current/rackd.conf

# Update contents of file to include both API URLs
maas_url:
   - http://172.30.9.66:5240/MAAS
   - http://172.30.9.57:5240/MAAS

Install HA Proxy for Region / API Controllers

# INSTALL HAPROXY BINARIES
# run on SV5-SU1-BC2-01 and SV5-SU1-BC2-02
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:vbernat/haproxy-2.6 --yes
sudo apt update
sudo apt-cache policy haproxy
sudo apt install haproxy -y
sudo systemctl restart haproxy
sudo systemctl status haproxy
haproxy -v

# CONFIGURE HA PROXY
sudo vi /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
# update this content
        timeout connect 90000
        timeout client  90000
        timeout server  90000
# insert this content at the end of the file
frontend maas
    bind    *:80
    retries 3
    option  redispatch
    option  http-server-close
    default_backend maas

backend maas
    timeout server 90s
    balance source
    hash-type consistent
    server maas-api-1 172.30.9.66:5240 check
    server maas-api-2 172.30.9.57:5240 check

sudo systemctl restart haproxy

Add A Host records to DNS

Browse MAAS via DNS name

Enable VLAN DHCP

First going to Subnets to look for the secondary network

You need to add at least a dynamic range. You may6 want to include a general reserved range

Now we can add the DHCP server to the Fabric, select the VLAN containing your subnet

Provide DHCP, you can now select primary and secondary rack controllers and click configure DHCP

Commission the First Server

Find a server you can PXE boot to test DHCP configuration

As long as the server can communicate on the network, you will see the it grab an IP address from the dynamic range we specified

the ubuntu image will be loaded and Maas will start enlisting the server into its database

back in the console we can see the server has been given a random name and is commissioning

The server has been enlisted and is now listed as ‘New’

We can commission the server to bring it under Maas Control

there are additional options you can select and other tests you can execute, see Maas.io for more information

You can test your hardware, Disks, memory, and CPU for potential issues

you can edit the servers name and check out the commissioning, tests, and logs sections while the servers is being comissioned

Eventually, you will see the server status as ready. We have a new name for this server and we can see the ‘Commissioning’ and ‘Tests’ were all successful.

here are two commissioned servers in MAAS ‘Ready’ for deployment in this test environment

for a larger example I can show you in our lab environment we have 195 servers under Maas’s control with 48 dynamic tags to help organize and manage our hardware

Creating Server Tags

It can be easier to organize servers by using tags based on hardware types. Let’s create 3 tags, to identify the hardware vendor, server model, and CPU model.

Select ‘Logs’ and ‘Download’ and select ‘Machine Output (XML) to download XML server file

here you can browse through the file so you can find the content you need to create your regex match. You will need to understand how to create regex search. There are examples and websites that can help with this.

Return to ‘Machines’ and select ‘Tags’

select ‘Create New Tag’

//node[@class="system"]/product = "ProLiant BL460c Gen8 (745916-S01)"

//node[@class="system"]/vendor = "HP"

//node[@id="cpu:0"]/product = "Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2690 v2 @ 3.00GHz"

you can view the dynamic tags associated with your first commissioned server

Deploying Images

first lets download an additional ubuntu image the latest LTS image 22.04

The image will download and sync with the rack controllers

before deploying this image let’s make sure we have an SSH key imported. I have created these using PuTTYgen. I will not cover creating or uploading these keys here, see existing documentation. In the Lab environment, it includes my administration key and a common key shared with other admins.

Select ‘Machines’, select ‘Ready

we can no

DHCP Long Lease

You may want to consider extending the DHCP lease time for subnets by using snippets. We are using DHCP for OOB management and extending the lease time brings additional continuity to network devices while attempting to reduce configuration complexity

Add Listen Statistics to HA Proxy

# CONFIGURE HA PROXY
sudo vi /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
# insert this content at the end of the file
listen stats
        bind localhost:81
        stats enable                    # enable statistics reports
        stats hide-version              # Hide the version of HAProxy
        stats refresh 30s               # HAProxy refresh time
        stats show-node                 # Shows the hostname of the node
        stats uri /                # Statistics URL

sudo systemctl restart haproxy

Browse to common DNS address and statistics port

Install Glass (DHCP Monitoring)

# INSTALL GLASS
sudo apt-get install -y nodejs
nodejs -v

cd /opt
sudo git clone https://github.com/Akkadius/glass-isc-dhcp.git
cd glass-isc-dhcp
sudo mkdir logs
sudo chmod u+x ./bin/ -R
sudo chmod u+x *.sh

sudo apt install npm -y

sudo npm install
sudo npm install forever -g
sudo npm start

# CONFIGURE GLASS
sudo vi /opt/glass-isc-dhcp/config/glass_config.json

"leases_file": "/var/snap/maas/common/maas/dhcp/dhcpd.leases",
"log_file": "/var/snap/maas/common/log/dhcpd.log",
"config_file": "/var/snap/maas/common/maas/dhcpd.conf",

# START GLASS
sudo npm start

browse to the name or IP of the server on port 3000 and you can see the interface.

this content from the main Lab system with more data

you can use this interface to search for data such as mac address or IP address and look at start and end lease data

There are more details about how to configure this solution in the GitHub project itself

Access command line API

Sometimes you just want to get data from the command line. Maas has a number of operations it can do from the command line. It this example we are going to retrieve the MAAS user password for the iLO

you will need to get your API key, found under your username and ‘API Keys’ select copy

SSH into one of your MAAS hosts run the command

maas login <username> <apiurl> <apikey>

the maas.io documentation contains more information about API commands MAAS | API. Running maas <username> will show you the commands

let’s see what the machine operation can do

there is a power-parameters operator and the machine operation requires a system_id. To keep this example simple we are going to grab the machine code from the browser but you could get this information from the command line

if we put all this together we can now run a command and extract the iLO password from the MAAS database via the API on the commandline

Troubleshooting IPMI - IPMI tools

MAAS does a pretty amazing job of grabbing any hardware, controlling the iLO/BMC/Drac/OOB management port and creating a user for it to boot and control the server hardware. If you browse to your machine and select configuration you can see the power configuration section.

This contains the settings MAAS is using to control that hardware.

On the rare occasion, you run into trouble, firstly make sure your firmware is up to date. I installed IPMI tools which can be helpful for testing or troubleshooting IPMI operations manually. We can use the details collected in the previous step to execute the query

# INSTALL IPMPTOOL
# Run on SV5-SU1-BC2-03 and SV5-SU1-BC2-04 where IPMI operations take place
sudo apt install ipmitool -y

ipmitool -I lanplus -H 172.20.10.177 -U maas -P 8in0zOE1Lxx -L OPERATOR power status

Running PowerShell Query on API output

And now a favorite topic of mine… PowerShell. Now imagine you could control MAAS through your very own PowerShell queries… I know right?!?

# INSTALL POWERSHELL
# Update the list of packages
sudo apt-get update
# Install pre-requisite packages.
sudo apt-get install -y wget apt-transport-https software-properties-common
# Download the Microsoft repository GPG keys
wget -q "https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/$(lsb_release -rs)/packages-microsoft-prod.deb"
# Register the Microsoft repository GPG keys
sudo dpkg -i packages-microsoft-prod.deb
# Update the list of packages after we added packages.microsoft.com
sudo apt-get update
# Install PowerShell
sudo apt-get install -y powershell
# Start PowerShell
pwsh

# SIMPLE EXAMPLE QUERY
maas maasadmin machines read | convertfrom-json
maas maasadmin machines read | convertfrom-json | select resource_uri

What else is possible? Let’s say you have blade chassis and through the power of centralized management, you PXE boot all blades at once. MAAS will register hundreds of hosts.

Do you want to match the serial number of the blade slot to the chassis number?

Thanks, but that would be a hard no from me

how about some PowerShell?

Absolutely!

# SCRIPT TO SET MACHINE NAME
# Find the serial number of each Chassis and define prefix
$scaleunit = @{ '8Z35xxx' = 'SV5-SU3-BC1';'8Z56xxx' = 'SV5-SU3-BC2';'11N7xxx' = 'SV5-SU3-BC3';'G7S6xxx' = 'SV5-SU3-BC4';'DBR6xxx' = 'SV5-SU3-BC5'}

# Read machines into a variable
$machines = maas maasadmin machines read | ConvertFrom-Json

# process variables and set hostname
foreach ($machine in $machines){
    $chassis = ($machine.hardware_info.chassis_type)
    #Grab info for M1000e blades
    if ($chassis -eq "Multi-system chassis") {
        # Find blade slot
        $slot = ($machine.hardware_info.mainboard_serial).split(".")[3]
        $chassisid = ($machine.hardware_info.chassis_serial)
        $suname = $scaleunit.$chassisid
        $newname = "$suname-$slot"
        write-host $newname
        if ($newname -ne $machine.hostname) {
            maas maasadmin machine update $machine.system_id hostname=$newname
        }
    }
    else {}
}

This is just one example of how you can leverage MAAS data. You could use it to update your CMBD. In this screenshot below, we are using Sunbirds DC track to manage hardware and have created a custom field that is dynamically created and will link you directly to MAAS to find that specific server.

There is a lot you can do to integrate MAAS into your environment to reduce the burden of managing old hardware.

Additional reference documentation

Update Management Center and Azure Arc for Linux Server Patch Management

Azure Arc & Automanage for MAAS

MAAS (Metal-as-a-Service) Full HA Installation